The heat gripping theUnited States this month has been relentless. And if that weren’t enough, hurricane season is upon us. How does the scientific evidence stack up over the past decades regarding how these extreme events are changing? And how much influence does human-caused climate change have on these events? We created aninfographicto serve as a quick reference of thecurrent state of scientific understanding.
UPDATE July 18th(see at bottom of post)
It is the question so many have asked climate scientists over the years, usually right after devastating loss of life or property from an extreme weather event: Are there any connections with climate change? This infographic hopefully can help answer these questions.
The size of the circles relate to the strength of the evidence for the connections to climate change of observed extreme events since 1950. Assessment based on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change SREX report (2012). Figure source: Union of Concerned Scientists.
The infographic was based on careful evaluation of the latest authoritative assessment by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) known as the Special Report on Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation (SREX). I worked with UCS communications staff Matt Heid, Aaron Huertas, and Colleen MacDonald to distill into a graphic what the SREX report stated about historical observations of extreme events and their relationship to human-caused climate change over an entire report.
The SREX report uses different ways ofconveying scientific evidence, agreement and confidenceregarding different weather phenomena, including how those phenomena have been changing over the past 50 years and attributing if human-caused climate change has played a nonexistent, minor, or major role in driving those changes.
There were traditional likelihood terms defined by the IPCC such as “likely” (66 to 100 percent probability) or “very likely” (90 to 100 percent probability) to describe these relationships as well as expressions of scientists’ overall confidence in their findings, which ranged from low to medium to high.
我们决定为我们通用描述六个现象t the most questions or have the strongest evidence. For example, we chose to depict the circle size for the IPCC’s assessment of overall effect on tropical cyclones (we call them hurricanes to use a term most audiences are more familiar with) rather than its separate assessments for tropical cyclone wind speed or tropical cyclone frequency in different ocean basins.
For example, here are the terms used in the SREX report for the following extremes:
| Extreme | ObservedChanges since 1950 |
Attribution ofObserved Changes to Human-CausedClimate Change |
| Heat | very likely | likely |
| Coastal high water | likely | likely |
| Precipitation, some regions | likely | medium confidence |
| Droughts, some regions | medium confidence | medium confidence |
| Tropical Cyclone wind speed | likely | low confidence |
| Tropical Cyclone overall | low confidence | low confidence |
| Tornadoes | low confidence | Not Given |
In order to make the circles in the infographic relate to the list of combined terms we created a “score” based on the lower range of IPCC likelihood findings. Solikelyconnections were given a score of 66 andvery likelyconnections a score of 90. The report does not give any such guidance for the confidence terms, so we created another scoring system also based on a 100 point scale to at least get us in the ballpark. We assignedmedium confidencea score of 50 out of 100 andlow confidencea score of 10. If there was no term assessed (such as with tornadoes attribution) that was assigned a score of zero. Hence tornadoes have the smallest size circle on the infographic while heat waves have the largest.
Note this is the evidence to date regarding extreme events since 1950. In many cases we are hampered by changes in historical data gathering techniques and other factors. For future projections of heat waves, coastal high water, drought and other phenomena, the SREX report typically uses much higher confidence language, in large part because scientists are very confident that temperatures are continuing to increase and the underlying physics point to growing incidences of weather extremes under climate change.
当然,减少温室气体的排放decrease the amount and rate of warming we will experience and subsequently lessen the consequences climate change could have for various weather extremes compared to an unabated emissions trajectory.
UPDATEJuly 18th:
We updated our infographic to clarify that human-caused climate change isincreasingheat waves and coastal flooding, not the sole sourcedrivingthem. Heat waves and coastal flooding would continue, of course, even in the absence of global warming. But in a warming world, both are increasingly frequent and severe.
For example, the heat (and drought) that Texas experienced in the summer 2011 was made more likely by changes in water temperature in the tropical Pacific associated withLa Niña. Recent research suggested that climate change madeextreme heat in Texas some twenty times more likelythan in equivalent La Niña years in the mid-20th century. Thanks to Peter Frumhoff (UCS) and Andrew Revkin (New York Times) for suggesting the language change.